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@techreport{NBERw9438,
 title = "Is Japan's Innovative Capacity in Decline?",
 author = "Branstetter, Lee and Nakamura, Yoshiaki",
 institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research",
 type = "Working Paper",
 series = "Working Paper Series",
 number = "9438",
 year = "2003",
 month = "January",
 doi = {10.3386/w9438},
 URL = "http://www.nber.org/papers/w9438",
 abstract = {This paper investigates changes in the output and productivity of research and development activities in Japanese manufacturing firms over the 1980s and 1990s. Evidence from aggregate patent and R&D statistics and a micro-level analysis of R&D productivity at the firm-level suggest that there has been a slowdown in the growth of Japanese research productivity in the 1990s. The paper goes on to suggest possible explanations for this slowdown and reviews some of the steps Japanese firms are taking to increase the effectiveness of their R&D. The paper presents empirical evidence concerning the impact of one of these steps   the creation of technology alliances with U.S. firms   on Japanese innovative output.},
}