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@techreport{NBERw8899,
 title = "HMO Penetration, Ownership Status, and the Rise of Hospital Advertising",
 author = "Barro, Jason R and Chu, Michael",
 institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research",
 type = "Working Paper",
 series = "Working Paper Series",
 number = "8899",
 year = "2002",
 month = "April",
 doi = {10.3386/w8899},
 URL = "http://www.nber.org/papers/w8899",
 abstract = {We examine the recent increase in hospital advertising expenditures.  We first illustrate that the rise in hospital advertising has not been universal.  Large, not-for-profit, teaching hospitals have, by far, experienced the largest increase in spending.  Adjusting for size, for-profit hospitals over this period have actually decreased their marketing expenses.  This increase in advertising spending is best explained by managed care penetration.  There is a small and marginally significant relationship between increases in for-profit presence in hospital markets and an increase in advertising spending by the not-for-profit hospitals in those markets.},
}