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@techreport{NBERw22956,
 title = "Energy Efficiency Standards Are More Regressive Than Energy Taxes: Theory and Evidence",
 author = "Levinson, Arik",
 institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research",
 type = "Working Paper",
 series = "Working Paper Series",
 number = "22956",
 year = "2016",
 month = "December",
 doi = {10.3386/w22956},
 URL = "http://www.nber.org/papers/w22956",
 abstract = {Economists promote energy taxes as cost-effective. But policymakers raise concerns about their regressivity, or disproportional burden on poorer families, preferring to set energy efficiency standards instead. I first show that in theory, regulations targeting energy efficiency are more regressive than energy taxes, not less. I then provide an example in the context of automotive fuel consumption in the United States: taxing gas would be less regressive than regulating the fuel economy of cars if the two policies are compared on a revenue-equivalent basis.},
}