TY  - JOUR
AU  - Flamm, Kenneth
TI  - A Tale of Two Standards: Patent Pools and Innovation in the Optical Disk Drive Industry
JF  - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series
VL  - No. 18931
PY  - 2013
Y2  - March 2013
DO  - 10.3386/w18931
UR  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w18931
L1  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w18931.pdf
N1  - Author contact info:
Kenneth Flamm
Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
SRH 3.227, P.O. Box Y
University of Texas
Austin, TX 78713-8925
Tel: 512/471-8952
Fax: 512/471-1835
E-Mail: kflamm@mail.utexas.edu
M1  - published as Kenneth Flamm. "A Tale of Two Standards: Patent Pools and Innovation in the Optical Disk Drive Industry," in Timothy Simcoe, Ajay K. Agrawal, and Stuart Graham, organizers, "Standards, Patents and Innovations" International Journal of Industrial Organization, Volume 36 (2014)

M3  - presented at "Patents, Standards and Innovation Conference", January 20-21, 2012
AB  - The impact of patent pools on the rate and direction of technological change is an open question in both theoretical and empirical studies. Economic theory makes no unequivocal prediction. By contrast, empirical studies of patent pools, to date, have largely concluded that patent pools have been associated with reduced rates of technical innovation in the industries studied. This study differs from previous empirical studies of patent pools by focusing primarily on direct measures of innovation in product markets, rather than on indirect correlates of innovation (like patents), and by exploiting variation over time in how pools were organized in the same technology area.
The paper analyzes the economic history of two successive sets of patent pools organized in substantially the same technological area -- the use of optical discs in data storage peripherals connected to computer systems. These two patent pool episodes differed significantly in their organizational and institutional details. These differences appear to have coincided with very different effects on the structure of product markets, and the rate of technical innovation in optical disc products. The analysis concludes that different approaches to pool organization and licensing policies implemented in these two patent pool examples were associated with very different outcomes. The clear implication is that organizational details matter: no single conclusion is likely to fit all cases. As theory seems to predict, the empirical effects of patent pools on innovation are likely to be ambiguous, dependent on the historical and institutional particulars of the pool and the industry it affects.
ER  -