TY  - JOUR
AU  - Fishback, Price
TI  - The Irony of Reform: Did Large Employers Subvert Workplace Safety Reform, 1869 to 1930?
JF  - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series
VL  - No. 11058
PY  - 2005
Y2  - January 2005
DO  - 10.3386/w11058
UR  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w11058
L1  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w11058.pdf
N1  - Author contact info:
Price V. Fishback
Department of Economics
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ  85721
Tel: 520/621-4421
Fax: 520/621-8450
E-Mail: pfishback@eller.arizona.edu
M1  - published as Price V. Fishback. "The Irony of Reform.  Did Large Employers Subvert Workplace Safety Reform, 1869 to 1930?," in Edward L. Glaeser and Claudia Goldin, editors, "Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America's Economic History" University of Chicago Press (2006)

AB  - Between 1869 and the early 1900s state governments regulated safety in mines and factories and reformed the liability for accidents.  Reformers sought to reduce workers' risks and ensure that those involved in accidents received reasonable medical care and compensation for lost earnings.   Yet large employers often wielded significant clout.   This paper explores the extent to which large employers, measured by average number of employees, subverted the safety reform process, including the adoption of safety legislation, its scope, and the resources devoted to enforcement.
The findings vary by industry.  In coal mining large employers followed a defensive strategy, limiting the breadth of regulation, pressing for regulations that were enforced more against workers than against employers, and weakening enforcement.  In manufacturing, on the other hand, safety regulations were introduced earlier in states with larger average establishment sizes.  Reformers may have succeeded in imposing regulations on large manufacturing employers.  However, the finding is also consistent with large firms working to raise rivals' costs and the analytical narratives suggest that manufacturing employers at times shaped the legislation to their benefit and that the regulations were often poorly enforced.
ER  -